敦煌文献P.4518（9bis）敕牒官印年代考

——兼论现存10—12世纪“中书门下之印”

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中图分类号：G256.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4106（2025）04-0097-12

Study on the Era of the Seal from an Imperial Edictin Dunhuang Document P.4518 （9 bis）

—Plus a Discussion on the Extant “Seal of the Zhongshumenxia”fromthe 10——12 Centuries

ZHANG Yu （Institutefor AncientLegal Documents，China UniversityofPoliticalScience andLaw，Beijing，）

Abstract：Dunhuang document P.4518（9bis）isan imperial edict isuedby the zhongshumenxia中书门下（meaning the "imperialcouncil";hereaftershortenedtozhongshu）afer thefirstlunarmonthofthethirdyearoftheJianlongera（962CE）in the Northern Song dynastyandtherecipient was amonk named Hui Qingat Golden LightTemple.Thedocumentisstamped withthe zhongshuseal，whichhasalsobeen found insixother manuscriptsofimperialedictsdating fromtheFiveDyasties to theNorthernSong dynastyperiods.Among thefivezhongshustamps，onedatesto theTangdynastywhilefourarefromthe Song dynasty;thesealintheimperialedictunderdiscuion，owever，bearsobviousdierenesfromtheothers.Anexamatioof thehistoricalrecordsabouttherecastingofoffcialsealsintheearlySongdynastyindicatesthatthezhongshustampinP4518（9 bis）wasactuallasealfromtheLater Zhoudynasty，whichfollwedtheearlyperiodoftheNorthern Songdynasty，andtatit remained inuseuntiltethirdyearoftheQiandeera（965CE）whenthesealofthezhongshuwasrecastInadition，twoextant physicalsamplesofthe“sealofthezhongshumenxia”foundinJilinare widelyconsideredtobethelostsealoftheNorthern SongdynastyBecause thecharacters inthestamps made bytheseseals difergreatlyfrom thoseofthefourseals finalizedduring the Northern Song dynasty，however，it is not possible to conclude that they were created during the Song dynasty. Keywords：Northern Song dynasty; imperial edict; zhongshumenxia seal; Hui Qing.

一 目前所见五代及北宋中书印

编号为P.4518（9bis）的法藏敦煌文献是一件年代未详的中书门下敕牒（图1），笔者曾撰文从文书受付对象金光明寺僧惠清的生平、归义军首次遣使北宋的时间两个方面，推断此件敕牒（以下简称“惠清敕牒”颁降时间的上限应为建隆三年（962）正月之后。（剩余11782字）