德治、礼治与无为而治《论语》为政之道新探

——《论语》为政之道新探

[中图分类号］B222.2 [文献标识码］A [文章编号]1008-1763（2025）06-0017-07

Governing by Morality，Governing by Etiquette and Governing by Non-action -A New Exploration of the Way of Governance in the Analects of Confucius

FENG Bingl'² ，GAO Jihong³ （1.Research Center for Philosophy of Life，Huaqiao University，Xiamen 361021，China; 2.Department of Philosophy，Xiamen University，Xiamen 361oo5，China; 3.Department of Philosophy，Huaqiao University，Xiamen 36lo21，China）

Abstract： The Analects of Confucius focuses on two aspects of the way of governance：one is “to govern with morality”，which is to govern by morality;the secondis “courtesy for the country”，which is to govern by etiquette.The former represents the core value orientation of the Analects，and the latter is the basic practical path of the Analects. However，the ideal state of the way of governance in the Analects is “to govern by non-action”. The essence of“governing by non-action”is that the saint is “virtuous”and “gaining people”，so as to naturally bring about great order across the country，with“no trace of his promising".“Governing by non-action”is not a denial of the governing of morality and etiquete，but a sublimation based on them. The unity of governing by morality，governing by etiquette and governing by nonaction constitutes the complete form of the way of governance in the Analects ，and presents the characteristics of blending emotion and reason，and possessing both morality and intelligence，and fully reflects the people-oriented consciousness of Confucianism.

Key words：the Analects of Confucius ; governing by morality; governing by etiquette; governing by non-action;people-oriented

周初统治者总结商付灭国的教训时，认识到“天命靡常"（《诗·大雅·文王》），认为应该“王其德之用，祈天永命"（《尚书·召诰》），遂提出“用康保民”“若保赤子"（《尚书·康诰》）的敬德保民主张，并制礼作乐，以礼乐作为德政展开的具体手段。（剩余11640字）