篇章结构句法化与系词“是”的产生和发展

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[中图分类号］H141；H146.3 [文献标识码］A [文章编号]1008-1763（2025）04-0082-09

Syntacticalization of Text Structure and the Emergence and Development of the Copula “Shi（是）"

LIU Wenzheng （The College of Chinese Language and Literature，Hunan University，Changsha4lOo82，China）

Abstract：“Shi（是）"was originally used in narratives，only as a pronoun，referrng to things “shi thing （20号 （是物）”，and as a subject，object，appositive，etc. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty，the term“shi event （20号 （是事）”was differentiated to refer to events. At the turn of the Zhou Dynasty，“shi（是）”extended to “narrative + argument” text，and the meaning and function of “shi Πthing （是物）”remained unchanged，while “shi event （是事）”developed a connective function and multiple predicative usages. Both of them can be used in judgement sentences，but the former is“shi（是） + NP + ye（也）”，the latter is“shi（是） + wei（谓） + VP/NP"，and by the Waring States period，the latter became consistent with the former. Since the Warring States Period，the use of the predicate “shi Πevent （是事）”has continued to grow，and also promoted the predicative verb of“shi Πthing （是物）”.The“narrative + argumant” text in which they are located is evolving towards a syntactic form，while the text in which“shi Πthing （是物）”is located is the first to complete its syntacticization，so that“shi Πthing （是 45π ）”has evolved into a copula. During the Han Dynasty，the text in which“shi Πevent （是事）”was written was also syntactically completed，and “shi Πevent （是事）”also evolved into a copula. Thereafter，the function of judgement sentences gradually expanded to description and“ye（也）” began to fall off and the meaning of the copula gradually changed，coming close to modern Chinese in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties，“shi（是）”was basically used only as a copula.The copula“shi（是）”is a product of the syntacticization of the text，resulting from the combined action of mechanisms such as metaphor，expansion，analogy，rhyme，and reanalysis.

Key words： shi（是） ;text;syntacticization;anaphora pronoun;copula

一 引言

自王力发表《中国文法中的系词》[1]一文以来，学界大多认为现代汉语系词“是”的前身是在小句开头回指前文小句或名词的指代词（demonstrativepronoun）。（剩余15696字）