基于改进YOLO的印刷电路板表面缺陷检测算法

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关键词：图像处理;PCB缺陷检测;YOLO;多尺度卷积注意力机制;高效特征金字塔网络中图分类号：TP39 文献标识码：A doi：0.3788/CJLCD.05-037 CSTR：37.4.CJLCD.05-0

Surface defect detection on printed circuit boards based on improved YOL01

YANG Yanping1.²， GAO Junwei 1，2* ， LIU Zhaolong 1，2 ， XING Rongxin 1，2

（1.School of Automation，Qingdao University，Qingdao 266O71，China; 2. Shandong Key Laboratory ofIndustrial Control Technology，Qingdao 266O71， China）

Abstract： To address the challenges of low accuracy，false detections，and missed detections in PCB defect inspection under scenarios with smalldefect sizes，complex circuit backgrounds，and irregular defect shapes， this paper proposes a surface defect detection method based on an improved YOLOvl1 architecture.First，a multi-scale convolutional attention （MSCA）mechanism is integrated into the backbone to enhance the model's sensitivity to subtle defects.Second，the neck structure is replaced with the high-level screening feature pyramid network （HS-FPN），which improves defect detection across sizes by using channel atention（CA） and selective feature fusion （SFF）.Third，the original C3K2 module is enhanced by combining ConvFormer with a convolutional gated linear unit （CGLU），which improves feature representation while reducing computational cost. Furthermore，the unified-IoU（UIoU）lossfunction is applied to dynamically adjust the weighting ofcandidate boxes，enhancing both localization accuracy and convergence speed. Extensive experiments are conducted on a self-constructed PCB dataset with six defect categories. The proposed model achieves a mean average precision （mAP） of 89.1% ， surpassing the baseline YOLOvl1 by 5.3% in mAP. In addition， the precision and recall are improved by （20 2.3% and 6.1% ，respectively，while the model's parameter count is reduced by 28.3% . The results demonstrate the efectiveness and practical potential of the proposed approach for real-world PCB defect detection tasks.

Key words： image processing；PCB defect detection；YOLOll；multi-scale convolutional atention; HS-FPN

1引言

印刷电路板（PrintedCircuitBoard，PCB）是电子设备的基础组成部分，广泛应用于通讯、计算机、汽车电子、医疗设备及工业自动化等多个领域。（剩余16014字）