民国初年北京电车开行争议

Abstract：During the early period of the Republic of China，the launch of Beijing's trams stood as a landmark event symbolizing urban modernization. The various stages of its preparation，initial establishment，construction，and official operation wereinterwoven with pivotal events and social controversies.These included issues such as disputes on the order of boarding between citizens and military- police personnel afterthe trams commenced operation，internal managementand personnel disputes within the tramcompany，aswellascontroversiesoverthe interpretation of clauses between the tram companyand the Poor Factory Fund Committee.The process of handling these tram-related controversies reflected the explorations in the early Republic of China regarding social structural transformation， models ofstate governance，and mechanisms forcoordinatingpublicinterests.

Keywords：Beijing tram controversies;Social transformation;Modern stategovernance;Allocation of public interests

电车既是工业文明的产物，承载着城市交通现代化的使命，又是社会矛盾的焦点，见证了传统与现代、守旧与革新之间的碰撞。（剩余12518字）